The Roots of Antisemitism

Introduction

Antisemitism has been described as "history's oldest hatred." Through the ages, it has adapted to the prevailing biases and prejudices, shaped and encouraged by inherited bigotries. In the course of time as well,  it has assumed other forms to echo the everchanging worries and concerns of an evolving society. Seen in this light, antisemitism is today’s best example of a historical bias that experts say dates back to antiquity and medieval times.

In present-day society, antisemitism manifests itself in every element of public life. We can mention the following:  the spread of antisemitic rhetoric and conspiracy theories, often through social media, physical attacks against Jewish individuals, vandalism of Jewish properties, discrimination against Jewish people, Holocaust denial, antisemitic political ideologies and movements, online harassment and threats, the perpetuation of negative stereotypes in media, literature, and popular culture, and boycotts of Jewish businesses. 

However, by concentrating only on modern antisemitism, we overlook an important and tragic fact: antisemitism has a long history. Jeffrey Goldberg, the editor of Atlantic Monthly  magazine put it succinctly: "What we are witnessing is an ancient and deeply rooted antipathy toward Jews that is resurfacing as the barbaric horrors of WWII fade from our collective consciousness."

Wilhelm Marr

In 1879, the German agitator Wilhelm Marr used the term “anti-Semitism” to characterize anti-Jewish acts taking place in Central Europe. Nazi anti-Semitism, culminating in the Holocaust, was racial in nature. It targeted Jews based on alleged biological characteristics, particularly those who had converted to other faiths or whose parents had converted. This kind of anti-Jewish racism emerged in the nineteenth century with the development of so-called "scientific racism" and varies from prior anti-Jewish biases.

In 1879, Marr published his polemic, “Der Sieg des Judentums über das Germentum” (The Victory of Jewry over Germandom). Marr seemed to be a secular modern-day guy. He specifically denied the baseless but long-held Christian accusations leveled against Jews, such as deicide or the ritual slaughter of Christian infants. 

Instead, Marr relied on the popular ideas of the French historian Ernest Renan (who viewed history as a battle to form the world between Jewish Semites and Aryan Indo-Europeans). The Jewish threat to Germany, according to Marr, is racial. He blamed it on their immutable and destructive nature, as well as their "tribal peculiarities" and "alien essence."

Antisemitism in the Ancient World

In the ancient world, anti-Jewish attitudes persisted and gained energy with the accusation that it was the Jews who killed Jesus. Some scholars would look to the pre-Christian world and see in the attitudes of ancient Greeks and Romans the origins of an enduring hostility. 

Religious Studies scholar Peter Schäfer believes the exclusive nature of the monotheistic Jewish faith, the seeming arrogant sense of being a chosen people, a refusal to intermarry, a Sabbath observance, and the practice of circumcision were all things that marked Jews out in antiquity for a particular hatred.

It is not difficult to find evidence of anti-Semitism in ancient texts. Cicero, the politician and lawyer, warned a jury once of "the odium of Jewish gold" and how they "stick together" and are "influential in informal assemblies." 

Tacitus, the Roman historian who lived between 56 and 120 AD, despised "base and abominable" Jewish rituals and was extremely troubled by his countrymen who had abandoned their ancient gods and converted to Judaism. Juvenal, a Roman poet and satire who lived between c.55 and 130 AD, expressed his displeasure with the behavior of converts to Judaism and criticized Jews in general as drunk and unruly.

Antisemitism in the Middle Ages

Throughout much of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, Jews were accused of kidnapping and murdering Christian children as well as spreading sickness. As a result, anti-Semitic attitudes spread. As Jews started to participate in European society at the start of the modern era in the 15th century, negative rumors and speculations about their power and influence started to spread. These attitudes would develop into antisemitism. 

Antisemitic views then began to be mirrored in medieval Europe's economic, social, and political life. Jews were denied citizenship and privileges, were forbidden from holding positions in government and the military, and were barred from joining guilds and professions. 

To be sure, certain European monarchs and cultures, notably in the early Middle Ages, tolerated and accepted Jews. And it would be a mistake to envision Jews as confronting a constant and unending expression of persecution throughout this time.

In 1096, however, First Crusade knights unleashed a wave of anti-Semitic violence throughout France and the Holy Roman Empire, including murders at Worms, Trier, and Metz. Unfounded claims of ritual murder, host desecration, and blood libel (allegations of Jews murdering Christian newborns at Passover to get blood for unleavened bread) surfaced in the 12th century.

Another infamous example of these allegations, the murder of William of Norwich, were perpetuated in England. At any rate, the same claims were intermittently revived throughout the medieval and contemporary eras all over eastern and central Europe.

As European business expanded in the late Middle Ages, Jews rose to prominence in trade, banking, and moneylending. These Jewish financial successes inspired widespread jealousy. 

As a consequence of economic and religious intolerance, Jews were forcibly expelled from various countries and localities, including England (1290), France (14th century), Germany (1350s), Portugal (1496), Provence (1512), and the Papal States (1569). 

Rising persecution in Spain resulted in the evacuation of the country's substantial and long-established Jewish community in 1492. Only Christians who had converted to Judaism were permitted to stay, and anybody suspected of practicing Judaism was prosecuted by the Spanish Inquisition. As a consequence of this massive exodus, Jews left Western Europe for Turkey and then proceeded to Poland and Russia.  

The Christian Roots of Antisemitism

Antisemitism has its deepest roots in Christianity.  The most notable claim of deicide in history is that Jews should be blamed for Jesus Christ's death. Deicide, for those who are unfamiliar with the phrase, refers to the act of murdering a deity or heavenly creature.  In historical and religious contexts, deicide has often been used to describe the killing of a person who has divine or godlike characteristics.

Deicide has been leveled at the Jewish people, who have been historically and erroneously indicted for the Crucifixion by figures like Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis in the 2nd century, and Ambrose, the bishop of Mediolanum, in the Middle Ages. This accusation is based on a New Testament statement from Matthew 27:25: "His blood be on us, and on our children." The "blood curse" is another name for this. Subsequent readings of John's Gospel aided in this demonization.

Suffice it to say that the claim that the Jews killed Jesus is a baseless and discredited myth that has been commonly used to fuel anti-Semitic sentiment. It has contributed to the dangerous perpetuation of antisemite hatred and intolerance. It has been categorically debunked by the Catholic Church, protestant churches, biblical scholars, educational institutions, and religious leaders.  

When Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation in 1517, he failed to convert many Jews.  Luther gradually developed a disdain for Jews, which grew into hatred. He soon started to advocate violence against them.  "Their synagogues… should be set on fire, and what does not burn must be covered over with earth so that no man will ever see stone or cinder of them again," he went on to explain.  "Their homes should likewise be demolished and destroyed. All of their prayer books should be confiscated."

The deicide undercurrent of antisemitism was rejected by the Second Vatican Council in 1965. Its influential text titled Nostra Aetate, or the “Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions” denied collective Jewish responsibility for Jesus' murder. 

Protestant denominations like the Protestant Episcopal Church, the Church of Scotland, the Church of England, the Lutheran World Federation, the Alliance of Baptists, and the United Church of Canada have likewise denounced the accusation of deicide. 

The antisemitic expressions of the past have been modified by their advocates to suit present times. They are being spread in countries with or without Jews, online, in textbooks in the Arab world, and in both marginal and mainstream discourse. 

Antisemitism in the Modern Period

Toward the close of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Reformation resurrected anti-Jewish laws and reinforced the ghettoized isolation of Jews in Roman Catholic countries. As a result, there was no abatement in the plight of Jews in Europe. Jews continued to be subjected to mass murders consistently, such as those that occurred in the mid-17th century during the Khmelnitsky Uprising. This revolt was a struggle between Eastern Orthodox Ukrainians and the ruling Roman Catholic Poles  

During this rebellion, Jews, were often seen as representatives of the Polish regime and, being a distinct religious and ethnic minority, were convenient scapegoats for the troubles of the time. These killings rivaled the worst Jewish massacres in the Middle Ages.  In any event, Jews were persecuted in Western Europe until the Enlightenment lessened their plight in the late 18th century.

Much work remains to be done to rid the world of deicide. It is time and again being revived. Instances of deicide revival can sometimes surface in contemporary culture and media. 

A recent example includes a social media post by actor Jamie Foxx, which implied the age-old antisemitic charge that the Jews killed Jesus.  "They killed this dude named Jesus...," said Foxx in an Instagram post. "What do you think they're going to do to you?" Some took this as reinforcing the antisemitic stereotype that Jews were responsible for Jesus' killing.

The post drew criticism from various quarters, including antisemitism watchdogs and social media users. The actor later deleted the post and issued an apology. 

"The deicide charge, falsely implicating Jews in Jesus' death, has fueled antisemitic hatred for centuries," the American Jewish Committee (AJC) reacted while praising Foxx's apology.  The AJC underscored the importance of understanding the impact of words and the need for public figures to communicate carefully to avoid misunderstandings or the revival of harmful stereotypes. 

The discourse kindled by Foxx's post led to further explicit antisemitic statements from other social media users, demonstrating how quickly such sentiments can be reignited in the public sphere.

This incident serves as a reminder of the importance of continued vigilance and education to combat the persistence of such accusations within the broader issue of antisemitism or even anti-Zionism. 

Anti-Zionists, for example, have recycled the allegation of Jews being the killers of Christ by wrongly equating the death of Jesus to Palestinians being "crucified" by the Israel Defense Forces in the current Israel-Hamas war. 

References

Anti-Semitism | History, Meaning, Facts, & Examples. (2023, December 17). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/anti-Semitism/Anti-Semitism-in-medieval-Europe

Berenbaum, M. (2023, December 14). Anti-Semitism | History, Meaning, Facts, & Examples. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/anti-Semitism

Grant, K. (2023, August 6). Jamie Foxx 'sorry for causing offence' to Jewish community with 'they killed Jesus' post. The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved from https://www.thejc.com

Jewish Telegraphic Agency. (2023). In antisemitism discourse around Jamie Foxx's 'Jesus' post, evidence of a 'culture clash'. Retrieved from https://www.jta.org

Martin Luther - “The Jews & Their Lies.” (n.d.). Copyright 2023. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/martin-luther-quot-the-jews-and-their-lies-quot

N. (2011, March 4). Pope: “Jews Are Not Responsible For Killing Jesus.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2011/03/04/134264425/Pope-Jews-Are-Not-Responsible-For-Killing-Jesus

Phillips, G. (n.d.). Antisemitism: how the origins of history’s oldest hatred still hold sway today. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/antisemitism-how-the-origins-of-historys-oldest-hatred-still-hold-sway-today-87878

Reddit - Dive into anything. (n.d.). https://www.reddit.com/r/Israel/comments/pftq92/jesus_was_a_palestinian_is_a_revival_of_the/?onetap_auto=true

Understanding the Origins of Antisemitism. (2023, November 13). AJC. https://www.ajc.org/news/understanding-the-origins-of-antisemitism

The Philippines: A Rising Tiger in the Asian Economy

The Philippine economy is expected to maintain its upward trajectory and establish itself as a key player in the Asian region, with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) projecting a growth rate of 5.7 percent in 2023. The country's strong domestic demand is seen as the driving force behind this positive outlook, which is likely to propel the economy towards its full potential shortly.

The World Bank (WB) expects Philippine growth to surpass other Southeast Asian nations, including Cambodia (5.5%), Indonesia (5%), Vietnam (4.7%), Malaysia (3.9%), Laos (3.7%), Thailand (3.4%), and Myanmar (3%).

The WB  has updated its predictions for the Philippines' economic growth. According to its latest report, the country's growth rate for 2024 has been lowered to 5.8% from the previous forecast of 5.9%. Despite this revision, the Philippines is expected to be the second-fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia for 2024, according to the WB, with Cambodia taking the lead with a growth rate of 6.1%.

The Philippines' growth narrative is complex and multi-faceted, powered by different interplaying internal factors. Urbanization is picking up, a trend that has traditionally fueled economic progress by generating economies of scale, boosting productivity through concentrated commercial activities, and cultivating innovation. As cities grow and modernize, they become hubs for investment and job creation, significantly contributing to the country's GDP growth.

The Philippines’ urbanization process is being complemented by the expansion of its middle class, which plays a vital role in the economy. A larger middle class leads to higher consumer spending, increased savings rates, more investment in education and health, and a more skilled workforce. 

Additionally, the Philippines is benefiting from a demographic dividend. The country has a large, young, and increasingly well-educated youth demographic that is entering the workforce and is ready to contribute to and benefit from the country's economic growth.

The Philippine labor market is a vital component of its economic prosperity. Its employment rates are increasing, and its job market is evolving to keep pace with technological advancements and the needs of a global economy. The government's emphasis on enhancing human capital through education and training is anticipated to further enhance the labor force's efficiency.

Remittances sent by overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) have been a reliable source of income through the years and have helped cushion the impact of external shocks on the economy. These transfers play a crucial role in fueling consumer spending and generating a multiplier effect in various sectors of the economy, particularly real estate and retail.

Upon delving deeper into the statistics, it becomes clear that much of the recent economic growth of the Philippines can be attributed to its openness towards global trade and investment. This investment liberalization significantly expands the country's economic prospects. 

The stable investment rates indicate that the business environment is conducive to long-term planning and capital allocation. Furthermore, the notable increase in foreign direct investment (FDIs) reflects international confidence in the country's economic management and future potential.

The Philippine economy has shown remarkable resilience in bouncing back from the pandemic, making it one of the strongest recoveries among emerging markets. The country's GDP grew by 7.6% in 2022, a testament to its robust economic fundamentals and the effectiveness of its policy measures during a period of global turbulence.

This is the fastest rate of economic growth recorded by the Philippines since 1976. With strong growth forecast over the medium-term, the size of the Philippines' GDP is set to reach USD one trillion by 2033.

According to the projection, the Philippine economy is expected to grow by 5.7 percent. Although this forecast is lower than the domestic forecast, it still indicates a positive outlook. However, it also serves as a reminder of potential headwinds that could limit growth, such as geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and the possibility of economic downturns in major global economies.

Considering the forecasts and the country's current performance, it is evident that the Philippines is on its way to becoming a developed country. The government's focus on infrastructure development with projects aimed at improving connectivity and productivity is set to create a more efficient economy that attracts increased investment. 

Prioritizing education reform and skill development programs will ensure that the workforce remains competitive and responsive to the demands of a rapidly evolving labor market.

To maintain the current growth, the Philippines must persist in implementing policies that promote economic inclusivity and resilience. It is vital that economic growth be distributed evenly across different sectors and regions, and its benefits are accessible to all classes of society. This approach is crucial in ensuring long-term sustainability.

It is probable that by the end of 2023, the Philippine economy will have undergone a significant transformation. As stated, the country is betting on growth drivers such as urbanization, demographic advantages, and economic openness. 

The Marcos administration has given assurances that it will continue to work towards achieving the country's economic and social transformation targets, especially after the government reported a 5.9 percent year-on-year GDP growth in the third quarter of 2023. This growth rate is the fastest among emerging economies in Asia.

This administration’s economic approach not only helps the country recover from the pandemic but also sets the stage for a prosperous and developed future. As mentioned, current economic indicators, such as strong consumer demand, a robust labor market, and increased foreign investment, are all positive signs that the Philippines is moving in the right direction and has the potential to achieve new economic heights in the coming years.

References

Asian Development Outlook (ADO) September 2023. (2023, October 5). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-september-2023

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Media and Research. (n.d.). https://www.bsp.gov.ph/SitePages/MediaAndResearch/MediaDisp.aspx?ItemId=6793

Banzuelo, N. (2023, October 2). World Bank expects Philippine growth to be fastest in SE Asia. BusinessWorld Online. https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/10/03/549296/world-bank-expects-philippine-growth-to-be-fastest-in-se-asia/

Biswas,R(2023,April24).PhilippinesonTracktoBecomeOneTrillionDollarEconomy by2033.IHSMarkit.https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-on-track-to-become-one-trillion-dollar-economy-by-2033.html

International Fund for Agricultural Development. (2022). The Impact of Remittances in the Philippines. Retrieved from [IFAD website].

International Monetary Fund. (2023). Philippines Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery Report. Retrieved from [IMF website].

L. (2022, August 5). LIST: Build Build Build Projects and Their Status. Lamudi. https://www.lamudi.com.ph/journal/build-build-build-projects/

Labor Force Survey | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines. (2023, November 8). https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/labor-force-survey

Philippines - Market Overview. (n.d.). International Trade Administration | Trade.gov. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/philippines-market-overview

Philippines | United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). UNDP. https://www.undp.org/philippines

Philippines Economic Updates. (2023, June 14). World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/philippine-economicupdates#:~:text=Weighed%20down%20by%20the%20COVID,and%206.0%20percent%20in%202023.

PIA Press Releases. (2023, November 10). PH Economy Grows 5.9% Under Marcos Administration. Retrieved from https://pia.gov.ph/press-releases/2023/11/10/ph-economy-grows-59

United Nations Population Fund. (2022). The State of Philippine Urbanization. Retrieved from [UNFPA website].

Why Current Fears About World War III Are Exaggerated

 Introduction

The fear of a third world war is a nagging anxiety that resonates across the globe. It has of late been heightened by three key international conflicts. When discussing such a sensitive and complex issue, it is essential to understand the various geopolitical, economic, and social dimensions that feed this pervasive concern.

In the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, for instance, the fear stems from the fact that the conflict involves not just neighboring countries, but the major world powers who are all nuclear-armed. 

The invasion has led to severe economic sanctions against Russia, a ripple effect on global markets, and a deepening rift between Russia and Western countries, especially the 30 who are members of NATO. There is an inherent apprehension that any miscalculation or escalation could lead to a broader conflict, which could reach a global scale.

The Israel vs. Hamas conflict, although localized, also contributes into the fear of a wider war. This fear is due to the historical context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which has seen multiple nations involved either directly or through proxies. 

The Middle East is a region with complex alliances and antagonisms, and the Israel vs Hamas conflict has the potential to spark a wider confrontation, especially if regional powers like Iran or Saudi Arabia become more directly involved.

As for the tensions across the Taiwan Strait, the prospect of a Chinese invasion of Taiwan is particularly alarming because of its possible implications for international relations and the global balance of power. This friction is a major flashpoint in U.S.-China relations.

Any military action by China could provoke a response from the United States, which has significant political and economic ties to Taiwan. What is more, China's growing military capabilities and its strong posturing in the South China Sea have raised concerns about regional stability. Needless to say, this bluster carries with it the potential for a domino effect that could engage multiple Asia-Pacific nations in a larger conflict.

The combined effect of the above three situations contributes to a global atmosphere of unease. While each has its unique causes and possible resolutions, the interconnected nature of the modern world means that tensions in one area have far-reaching consequences. 

The fear of World War III is thus a reflection of the awareness that, in a highly interconnected and armed world, regional conflicts have the potential to escalate and intertwine, potentially leading to a catastrophic global war that the international community is eager to avoid.

Russia vs Ukraine

The Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, has led to significant international tensions, with many countries imposing sanctions on Russia and providing various forms of support to Ukraine. 

The conflict has had global repercussions, but it has not escalated to the point of a world war. International diplomatic efforts continue to find a resolution, though the situation remains complex and volatile.

Experts believed that Russia would succumb to Western sanctions. Those anticipating a Russian economic disaster have learned nothing from Western sanctions on North Korea and Iran, two much smaller nations that have faced tough sanctions for many years. The sanctions undoubtedly harmed their economies, but these did not change the essence of the regimes.

Today, Russia and Ukraine look to be engaged in a "foxhole" conflict akin to WW I, in which both sides suffered enormous casualties yet made no meaningful territorial or strategic gains. It is becoming more likely that this costly impasse will endure for years. There are various reasons to believe this is true, but two of the more compelling ones are:

First, neither Russia nor Ukraine seem to be militarily capable of defeating the other. Second,  , neither Vladimir Putin nor Volodymyr Zelensky are willing to resign. If Zelensky gives up, his nation will lose its freedom, and he will be deposed. If Putin resigns, his reputation as Russia's strongman will be shattered, and there will be a period of political uncertainty and instability as various factions will vie for power.

Israel vs. Hamas  

The conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza is a long-standing one, with periodic escalations that lead to military confrontations. The international community often intervenes to broker ceasefires, and while these flare-ups contribute to regional instability, they have not triggered a wider war. Nevertheless, efforts to mediate and find a long-term solution endure amidst these recurring cycles of violence.

There are four possible scenarios that this conflict can result in. 

1. Ceasefire. A cease-fire would need a formal, political agreement between Israel and Hamas to end the hostilities. It would include the departure of Israeli soldiers from Gaza, as well as a Hamas vow to free all captives. A cease-fire must apply to the whole geographical region of Israel and the Palestinian territories, rather than simply a specific zone. 

2. End of hostilities. The word 'end of hostilities,' is sometimes used interchangeably with 'ceasefire,' and also implies a halt in combat. ‘End of hostilities’, however, is less organized than a ceasefire and does not represent a political agreement between the two parties, complete with goals, timetables, and monitoring. It is less desirable than a ceasefire but is better than nothing.

3. Truce or humanitarian halt. This is not a ceasefire, but rather a brief halt in combat to enable humanitarian supplies into Gaza and maybe safe passage out of the enclave for those in grave danger. Humanitarian pauses may not have to span the whole combat zone but might be limited to a specific region. They are often brief, lasting barely a few hours.

4. The total destruction of Hamas. This is the avowed aim of Israel. Israel's aim is to remove what it sees as an immediate security threat to its citizens and its national security. Hamas is designated by Israel, the United States, and the European Union, among others, as a terrorist organization and is seen by Israel as responsible for numerous rocket attacks, suicide bombings, and other forms of violence directed against Israeli civilians and military targets.  

China vs Taiwan

China considers Taiwan to be a part of its territory and has not ruled out the use of force to achieve what it calls reunification. Tensions have run high, particularly as China has increased its military maneuvers near Taiwan. 

The United States and other countries have shown support for Taiwan, which could complicate any potential conflict. However, there is a strong global interest in maintaining stability in the region, and thus far, this has not escalated into a broader conflict.

Besides, the actual risk of Chinese military action against Taiwan remains low, as it has been observed that Beijing usually flexes military muscle only when high-level U.S. and Taiwanese officials meet face-to-face. 

Moreover, Xi is trying his utmost to play a larger role on the global stage, particularly as a peacemaker. As part of his efforts to promote peace in Ukraine, he has presented a 12-point peace plan. He has even invited French President Emmanuel Macron and European Commission Chairwoman Ursula Von der Leyen to Beijing to discuss the ongoing war and China's future relationship with Europe.

At any rate, China is unlikely to move against Taiwan soon due to the unpredictable, costly, and humiliating risks of a Pyrrhic victory or defeat. Xi knows that Taiwan, backed by sophisticated and powerful US weapons, has been preparing for a possible Chinese invasion even longer than Ukraine, which, by itself, has prepared extensively for an all-out war with Russia.

Conclusion: Diplomacy, Economic Links, and the Possession Of Nuclear Weapons All Serve As Key Deterrents to the Onset of a Global Conflict.

World War III connotes a large, worldwide battle involving numerous states. While these crises are dangerous and might have far-reaching implications, they have not reached the size that could cause global war. The international community is typically eager to prevent such a disastrous end for humankind, and extensive diplomatic and political initiatives have been successful so far to manage and resolve crises.

The dynamics of international relations are complicated, and the danger of escalation exists at all times. However, the current global environment is also typified by linked economies and a largely shared objective and aspiration of avoiding large-scale conflict. Diplomacy, economic links, and the possession of nuclear weapons all serve as key deterrents to the onset of a global conflagration.

It is important to keep informed via credible news sources and to be aware that the situation might change. It is also critical not to leap to conclusions about the imminence of a global war. Behind the scenes, the international community continuously strives to prevent these crises from growing further.

References

Bremmer, I. (2023, April 13). Why China won’t invade Taiwan anytime soon. “Time”. https://time.com/6270599/china-invade-taiwan/

Grady, J. (2023, March 2). High cost of Taiwan invasion will dissuade China, Pentagon official says. “USNI News”. https://news.usni.org/2023/03/02/high-cost-of-taiwan-invasion-will-dissuade-china-pentagon-official-says

Margossian, M. (n.d.). Five reasons why Russia won’t start World War III. “Massachusetts Daily Collegian”. https://dailycollegian.com/2014/03/five-reasons-why-russia-wont-start-world-war-iii/

Nagel, J., & Golany, B. (2023, September 25). Will the Russia-Ukraine war lead to World War III? “Foundation for Defense of Democracies”. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/09/22/will-the-russia-ukraine-war-lead-to-world-war-iii/

Paranjape, M. R., & Paranjape, M. R. (2023, October 9). Off-centre | The invasion of Israel: Are we closer to WWIII? “Firstpost”. https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/off-centre-the-invasion-of-israel-are-we-closer-to-wwiii-13220782.html

T. (n.d.). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine: Why the conflict will not escalate into World War III. “The Trinity Tripod”. https://trinitytripod.com/opinion/russias-invasion-of-ukraine-two-important-reasons-why-the-conflict-will-not-escalate-into-world-war-iii/

Ullman, H.(2022, February 22). Reality check #10: China will not invade Taiwan. “Atlantic Council”. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/reality-check/reality-check-10-china-will-not-invade-taiwan/

“A Chinese invasion of Taiwan isn’t inevitable.” (n.d.). “Lowy Institute”. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chinese-invasion-taiwan-isn-t-inevitable

“Israel-Hamas war: Which countries are calling for a ceasefire – and how is it different to a humanitarian pause?” (2023, November 3). “Sky News”. https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-which-countries-are-calling-for-a-ceasefire-and-how-is-it-different-to-a-humanitarian-pause-12999373

 

The Tragic Christmas of 1944 in Bulakan, Bulacan

Writer’s note: This is a translation of the article “Kagimbal-Gimbal na Pasko” which this writer found on the Facebook page “Mga Laki sa Bulakan Bulacan.” It was written by “Admin Yeoj”, based on research by “Col. Bert Morelos.” I am from Bulakan, Bulacan. My grandfather and mother told me this story in my childhood. I believe it really happened.

As we explore the records of the past in Bulakan, Bulacan, a grave Christmas story emerges.

During the tumultuous period of World War II, on the evening of December 24th, 1944, the Church of Nuestra Senora Dela Asuncion was filled with parishioners eager to celebrate Christmas at the Misa Aguinaldo (midnight mass). 

Altar servers took their places, young girls dressed as angels awaited their cue, and the choir was ready to fill the air with hymns. The entire congregation was filled with anticipation for Father Emilio Gutierrez, the parish priest of Bulakan, to commence the service.

Fr. Emilio Gutierrez

However, the atmosphere shifted abruptly when thirty members of the Hukbalahap—the armed communist group that held sway in Bulakan—stormed into the church. Their objective was to arrest Father Gutierrez, a former chaplain of the Philippine Army, and a veteran who had bravely fought alongside Filipino-American forces in Corregidor and Bataan. The priest was under suspicion of being an American informant.

Upon confronting Father Gutierrez in the sacristy, the Hukbalahap insisted on his immediate capture. The priest, with a plea in his eyes, requested to first finish the Holy Mass, even if it meant abbreviating the ceremony. After a brief consultation, they acquiesced to his plea but kept a vigilant watch to ensure that he couldn’t escape.

As the church bells tolled, marking the commencement of the mass, the congregation, despite the looming threat, sang hymns with a resounding spirit. Father Gutierrez warmly wished everyone a "Merry Christmas" and, with deep emotion, went on to read the Gospel and deliver his sermon.

However, as time wore on, the Hukbalahap's patience waned. Mid-ceremony, they decided it was time to apprehend the priest. Their decision was resolute, and no pleas would sway them now. 

Fr.Gutierrez was taken by force from the altar, and he bestowed one final blessing upon his flock as he was led away. Fr. Gutierrez and his communist abductors walked down the church's center isle as the congregation watched, fearful and trembling.

The resulting grief among the gathered Bulakeños was profound. Tears flowed freely as the congregation, paralyzed by fear, mourned the loss of their cherished parish priest. Once the Hukbalahap had vanished into the night with their captive, the parishioners hurried home, haunted by the harrowing events.

The tragic conclusion to Father Gutierrez's tale transpired in the dense woods of Babangad, a sitio of Barrio San Nicolas.  When he was about to be killed, the caliber .45 aimed at him miraculously did not fire. In utter anger, the executioner repeatedly struck the priest's head with the malfunctioning pistol.

That Christmas morning, Bulakan, Bulacan bore witness to the death of God’s devout servant at the hands of its own. That Christmas Eve of 1944 is etched in Bulakan's history forever.

Barangay Elections 2023: Grassroots Democracy in Action in the Philippines

The Philippines, a country with a history of resilience and multifaceted culture, prioritizes democratic practices at all levels of its governance. Of all the electoral events that take place, in this republic, the barangay elections are undoubtedly the most grassroots and closely intertwined with the daily lives of Filipinos. 

The upcoming barangay elections, set to take place on October 30, 2023, hold great significance for a number of reasons. This will be the 10th barangay election held since the enactment of the Local Government Code of the Philippines (LGC) on October 10, 1991. As of January 2022, there were 42,046 barangays in the Philippines, and according to the Philippine Statistics Office (PSA), the country's population in the same period stood at 115,559,009.

The LGC is a landmark piece of legislation that has transformed the structure and functions of local government in the Philippines. It has devolved more power and resources to local governments than previous laws, making them more responsive to the needs of their constituents. 

The LGC, also known as Republic Act No. 7160, requires the holding of barangay elections in the Philippines. The rules regarding the said elections can be found in "Title II", which covers "Elective Officials". Specifically, "Chapter 1 of Title II" details the rules and regulations for the barangay elections.

The Local Government Code (LGC) was authored by Senator Aquilino Q. "Nene" Pimentel Jr., who is recognized as the "Father of Local Autonomy" in the Philippines. A team of experts, including lawyers, economists, and political scientists, assisted him in this historic task.

Pimentel, a delegate to the 1971 Constitutional Convention, was a staunch supporter of local government reform. He believed that local governments should be given more power to make decisions and carry out programs that meet the needs of their constituents. He also believed that local governments should be accountable to their constituents.

"The Code has empowered the local government units all over the country by squarely placing upon them, as frontline institutions, the responsibility for developing their respective territories," Pimentel said.

The law brought about a significant change in the decision-making process by removing decades of highly centralized decision-making that hindered the modernization of local communities and shifted the responsibility to local officials. 

As a result of the Code, the government has decentralized and devolved powers and functions to LGUs, particularly in the areas of health, agriculture, and social welfare.

Significance and Importance

1. At the heart of Philippine politics lies grassroots democracy, with the barangay serving as the smallest administrative unit comparable to a village or ward. As the cornerstone of the nation's governance, it provides a direct connection between the government and the community. This level of administration is intimately involved with the citizens, affecting their everyday lives, community endeavors, peacekeeping, and local advancement efforts.

2. The barangay system plays a crucial role in nurturing future leaders. It has been noted that not a few prominent political figures began their careers in barangay governance. This underscores the importance of barangay elections, as they not only elect local leaders but also provide a stage for emerging national leaders. Leadership development therefore within the barangay system is a crucial feature of the political setting in the country.

3. Barangay officials are more than just leaders, they can be a neighbor, friends, and professionals in the community. They have a deep understanding of the local concerns, cultural nuances, and specific needs of their constituents. Through the election process, the community's voice is represented with authenticity.

What is at Stake?

1. Local Development. The direction in which a barangay moves—whether it progresses or remains stagnant—largely depends on its leadership. Properly executed projects, peace and order, dispute resolution, and other community matters rely on competent barangay officials.

2. Financial Resources. Barangays receive funds from the national government, and the correct and transparent allocation of these funds is crucial. Mismanagement or corruption at this level directly impacts the efficacy of community projects and welfare arrangements.

3. Social Cohesion. A barangay is not just an administrative unit; it's a closely-knit community. The elections, and how they are conducted, can either foster unity or sow discord among its residents.

The Contestation

Given the stakes and the proximity to the electorate, barangay elections are often hotly contested. Campaigns, though on a smaller scale compared to national elections, are nevertheless intensely personal. 

1. Personal Rivalries. Due to the close-knit nature of communities, personal ties and rivalries often come to the fore during these elections. Such dynamics can make the elections deeply emotional and charged.

2. Participation of Larger Political Players. While barangay elections are supposed to be non-partisan, it's an open secret that larger political entities and figures have a stake, using them as a way to consolidate power at the grassroots level.

3. Vote-Buying and Violence. Like other elections in the Philippines, barangay elections are not immune to issues like vote-buying, intimidation, and even violence. The passion with which these positions are contested sometimes spills over into nasty or outrightly dirty actions.

4. The Lure of Salaries and Benefits. Barangay officials receive modest salaries but for people at the grassroots level, these are still a substantial amount. Based on 2012 figures, the Punong Barangay earns PHP 34,000, while the Sangguniang Barangay Member, Barangay Secretary, Barangay Treasurer, and Barangay Kagawad each receive PHP 15,000.

Aside from these salaries, barangay officials also receive honoraria, allowances, compensation and leave privileges, Christmas bonuses, civil service eligibility, and preference in appointment. They are also exempt from tuition and matriculation fees.

These salaries and benefits are not to be ignored as they can be a great incentive for aspiring barangay officials.

 Grassroots Democracy in Action

To conclude, it is important to appreciate that the 2023 barangay elections in the Philippines are not just a local administrative process but a fundamental aspect of grassroots democracy, future leadership, and community representation in the Philippines. 

There's a lot on the line. Local development, financial transparency, and social cohesion are the main stakes. In many barangays, the situation remains uncertain and could go either way. The fervor and intensity with which these positions are being contested underscore the significance of these elections in the lively and often raucous Philippine democratic landscape. 

As the country approaches this important date, we can only hope that the fine and true spirit of Philippine democracy prevails, paving the way for a prosperous and united future for these myriad Philippine communities. 

Heneral Anacleto Enriquez: Hero of the Philippine Revolution

My granduncle, Heneral Anacleto SF Enriquez, was born on September 25, 1876, in San Jose, Bulakan, Bulacan, in the spacious "bahay na bato" of his parents, Don Vicente Enriquez y de Jesus and Doña Petrona Sepulveda Fernando y Gatmaytan.

Don Vicente and Doña Petrona had nine children: six boys and three girls. In order of age, they were: Alfonso, Anacleto, Severina, Victoria, Paula, Vicente Jr., Jose, Laureano, and Bonifacio, who was my grandfather.

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution on August 26, 1896, the first four sons - Alfonso, Anacleto, Vicente Jr., and Jose - joined the Katipunan. Laureano and Bonifacio were too young to fight. The Enriquez siblings became high-ranking officials of the Katipunan and were all actively involved in many a fierce battle.

Anacleto evinced superb organizational skills and ardent enthusiasm as he helped expand the Katipunan in Bulakan, Bulacan. The name of the first Katipunan branch in Bulakan was "Balangay Uliran." This was soon changed to "Brigada Pilar" because the membership quickly grew to over three thousand. Before long, it fell under the jurisdiction of “Balangay at Sanguniang Apuy ng Malolos, Bulakan”  

Anacleto’s bravery and fighting skills quickly became famous in the rank and file of the KKK (Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan). His sharpshooting ability added to his fame, which is why he was nicknamed "Matanglawin" (Hawk Eye). Because of this reputation, on October 20, 1896, at the age of 20, he was appointed General and second-in-command of the Katipunan in Bulacan province by General Isidoro Torres.

Lieutenant Jose Enriquez, the third youngest of the siblings, described how the people admired Anacleto Enriquez's bravery and leadership ability. This task put Anacleto in grave danger, as the Katipunan was then a highly secretive organization. In those days membership in any subversive organization, but especially being a ranking member, was punishable by death.

Anacleto Enriquez's celebrity was further enhanced by his good looks, robust physique, noble bearing, magnetic persona, Ateneo education, and upper-class lineage.

And as if these attributes were not enough, Anacleto was adept at political propaganda. For example, he started a successful "whisper campaign" about the abuses and atrocities of the Spaniards, which quickly spread throughout Bulakan. 

Along with Gregorio del Pilar, he also distributed stirring revolutionary leaflets in the Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church of Bulakan. For these daring heroic deeds, Anacleto Enriquez and Gregorio del Pilar earned the adulation of the people of Bulakan, Bulacan, and the disfavor of the authorities.

Gen. Anacleto Enriquez and Gen. Gregorio del Pilar were childhood friends and close companions. In fact, the spot where del Pilar was born in San Jose, Bulakan, Bulacan, was in a property owned by Don Vicente and Doñ Petrona.

Their births were only ten months apart: Anacleto was born on September 26, 1876, and Gregorio on November 14, 1875. Anacleto's nickname was "Etoy" and Gregorio's was "Goyo".

Their friendship continued at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in Intramuros, where they were classmates. Part of their group was Etoy's younger brother, Vicente Enriquez Jr., nicknamed "Enteng".

It was perhaps in the Ateneo that Vicente Enriquez Jr. earned the trust of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar. For his part, Vicente Enriquez Jr. would rise to the rank of Colonel in the Katipunan and be chosen by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar as his personal assistant or "aide-de-camp", or “ayudante”, which was a huge responsibility. Col. Vicente Enriquez Jr. was one of the few survivors of the battle at Pasong Tirad on December 2, 1899.

For his heroism at Pasong Tirad, historians say that Gen. Gregorio del Pilar drew inspiration from Gen. Anacleto Enriquez, who had earlier become a revolutionary martyr. Gen. Enriquez had sacrificed his life, along with over eight hundred Katipuneros, in the bloody battle within the church of San Rafael, Bulakan, on November 30, 1896 (See my blog post "The Enriquez Family of Bulacan, Bulacan").

According to Teodoro M. Kalaw, who wrote a beautiful biography of Gen Gregorio del Pilar, upon hearing of the death of Gen. Anacleto Enriquez, Gen. Goyo solemnly said:

"I wonder what strengthened Etoy when he fell in battle? So I can know how to offer my life for the country." 

My grandfather Bonifacio SF Enriquez, the youngest in the family, had a spine-tingling story, told countless times in my childhood.

On November 30, 1896, Don Vicente and Doña Petrona were having lunch at home with their two sons who did not go to war, and their three daughters.

At approximately 12:30 PM, which was also the time of Anacleto Enriquez's death in San Rafael, Bulacan, they saw the dark shadow of what seemed to be a large bird tracing itself on the ornate dining room ceiling as if to say goodbye.

The ominous shadow was visible for several seconds, then it flew out of the dining room toward their living room. When they followed it, it eerily went out through the living room’s expansive window.

After this hauntingly poignant vision, the Enriquez family knelt and prayed for their beloved Etoy.

Moral Compass in Conflict: Evaluating the Israel-Hamas War Through the Lens of Just War Theory (Bellum Justum)

 Introduction:

The unrelenting battle between Israel and Hamas is part of the Levant's Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is one of the world's longest-running conflicts, dating back to the mid-twentieth century. Several efforts have been made to resolve the issue as part of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, as well as other measures to settle the greater Arab-Israeli conflict.

Wikipedia cites 16 wars or warlike confrontations in this conflict since the formation of the state of Israel in 1948—nearly one per five years. 

This essay will evaluate the ethical soundness of Israel's armed response to Hamas, following the October 7, 2023 attack on its southern border by thousands of Hamas terrorists, using Just War Theory. 

This framework offers a moral lens to evaluate the justifiability of military action, using just cause, legitimate authority, limited objectives and proportionality, right intention, reasonable chance of success, and last resort.

Just War Theory

Just War Theory is a doctrine of military ethics dealt with by moral philosophers, theologians, and military leaders. This concept specifies the conditions that must be fulfilled for a war to be ethically justified.  Though it has roots in religious thought, Just War Theory is now a part of secular philosophical and international legal debates on the ethics of warfare.

Just War Theory didn't originate from a single philosopher. It is a doctrine that has progressed over centuries, influenced by different religious, philosophical, and cultural viewpoints. Nevertheless, certain key figures have played a crucial role in shaping and developing it.

Cicero:

Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman statesman, philosopher, and orator, believed that war should not be the first course of action in any conflict. He advocated for a peaceful resolution of disputes through diplomatic means and negotiation. Only when all efforts have been exhausted, and the safety of the innocent is at stake, should war be considered as an option. 

Additionally, Cicero stressed the importance of ethical conduct during wars and the need for public declaration of war. These ideas were revolutionary in pre-Christian ethics and served as a foundation for the development of the Just War doctrine. Cicero's theories bridged classical philosophy with future Christian and international legal perspectives on justified conflict.

Saint Augustine:

St. Augustine of Hippo was an early Christian theologian and philosopher who is well-known for developing the first theory on a just war in the context of Christian philosophy. His ideas on safeguarding peace, defending against threats, and protecting the innocent and the Christian faith as legitimate reasons for war have made a significant contribution to the Just War theory.

St. Augustine strongly believed that love and peace should always be the purpose behind engaging in war, even if it involves violent actions. He recognized the complexities of human nature and the need for war in certain circumstances to prevent greater evil or promote peace. Therefore, he argued that war could be just, but only if it met specific conditions, such as waging war under legitimate authority, pursuing a just cause like self-defense, and being guided by the right intention, such as establishing a just and peaceful resolution.

St. Augustine's works have established a moral framework that has influenced both theological discourse and political policy for centuries to come, providing a basis for justifying war under certain circumstances.

Saint Thomas Aquinas:

Saint Thomas Aquinas, a prominent Christian philosopher and theologian in the Scholastic tradition, built on Augustine's ideas in his work "Summa Theologica." He further developed the concept of a just war and outlined more detailed criteria for it. These included just cause, legitimate authority, and right intention, which became fundamental in later Just War theory.

By combining Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy, St. Thomas Aquinas significantly improved the Just War theory. He established standards that attempted to control the justification and conduct of war. In his seminal book, "Summa Theologica," Aquinas defined three primary premises for a just war. 

Firstly, it must be undertaken by a legitimate authority. Secondly, it must have a just reason, such as self-defense or restoring peace. Thirdly, it must be fought with proper intention, not for aggressive or cruel objectives. These principles created an ethical framework that not only governed medieval Christian thinking but also had a significant impact on the development of international humanitarian rules governing warfare.

Hugo Grotius:

Hugo Grotius is widely known as the "Father of International Law" because of his significant contributions to the development of natural law theory. He believed that states possess natural rights, which include the right to self-defense. Grotius argued that nations are bound by natural law in their dealings with other countries, and he established principles for just causes for war, such as self-defense and reparation for harm. He also introduced rules for lawful conduct within war, which included the protection of non-combatants.

Grotius formulated rules for conducting warfare that influenced later international conventions. He greatly influenced Just War theory by transitioning it from a theological perspective to a basis in natural law and international relations. His work de-emphasized the role of divine intervention in human affairs, grounding the justification and conduct of war in legal and moral consensus that transcended religious and national boundaries.

The October 7, 2023 Attack: Context and Implications

On October 7, 2023, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict witnessed a significant escalation. Thousands of Hamas militants launched a massive attack on Israel's southern border, which surpassed in scale and intensity all previous attacks. The level of planning and barbarity indicated that Hamas had adopted a new strategic approach.

This was not a spontaneous uprising but an orchestrated operation. The attack caused significant human casualties and extensive material damage, which only intensified the existing tensions in a region already burdened by decades of historical disputes and political strife.

The Israeli forces were surprised by the ferocity and scale of the attack and responded quickly and decisively. Their primary objective was twofold: to neutralize the immediate threat posed by the Hamas militants and to re-establish a sense of deterrence to discourage similar attacks in the future. However, the rapidity and extent of Israel's response sparked international debate, with many questioning the ethical boundaries of warfare, especially in a conflict as layered and sensitive as the Israeli-Palestinian one.

To fully understand the ramifications of both the Hamas assault and the Israeli retaliation, one must view the events through the lens of the Just War framework. This philosophical doctrine offers a structured means to assess the morality and justification of war, considering principles like rightful intention, proportionality, and the legitimacy of the involved parties. Utilizing this framework will provide a more nuanced understanding of the events of October 7 and the subsequent military and political reactions.

Applying the Principles of Just War Theory to the Current Israel-Hamas War

1. Just Cause:

The principle of "Just Cause" is a fundamental concept in Just War Theory. It states that war can only be justified if it is pursued for reasons of great moral significance. This usually includes situations like defending against an outright aggression, protecting innocent civilians from harm, or rectifying a serious and sustained injustice. The core of this principle is to ensure that wars are not fought for trivial or self-centered reasons but are grounded in ethical considerations that are more important than any individual interests.

Application to the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

The conflict between Israel and Hamas has deep historical roots and involves a variety of issues, including territorial disputes, security concerns, and long-standing grievances. Israel argues that it has a just cause to engage in the conflict because it needs to protect its citizens from rocket attacks, terrorist incursions, and other security threats coming from Gaza. 

Israel’s primary argument is that it has the right and duty to safeguard its citizens. On the other hand, Hamas sees its actions as a form of resistance against what they call Israeli occupation. They assert that their struggle is aimed at addressing perceived systemic injustices and defending Palestinian rights and sovereignty. Both sides claim moral justification based on the Just Cause principle, highlighting the complex and multifaceted nature of the conflict.

2. Legitimate Authority:

The principle of "Legitimate Authority" in Just War Theory emphasizes the importance of ensuring that wars and military engagements are initiated and overseen by entities with the appropriate jurisdiction and mandate. This criterion aims to prevent factions or individuals from waging war arbitrarily or without the consensus of the community they represent. The idea is to ensure that military actions are carried out with a level of responsibility and accountability, stemming from a recognized and valid governing structure. Essentially, this means that wars should only be waged by those who have the legal right and moral responsibility to do so and that they should be accountable for their actions and decisions.

Application to the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

The principle of Legitimate Authority presents different perspectives in the context of the Israel-Hamas conflict. Israel is a recognized sovereign nation with an established government that makes decisions on military actions based on its institutional processes. Therefore, Israel's use of military force is grounded in its status as a sovereign state with a functioning governance structure.

On the other hand, Hamas' claim to legitimate authority is more complicated. While Hamas controls the Gaza Strip and won the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, not everyone recognizes it as a legitimate governing authority. Several countries and international entities consider Hamas a terrorist organization, which affects its perception and standing on the international stage. Therefore, although Hamas views itself as a representative body defending Palestinian interests in Gaza, its authority to wage war remains a point of contention, particularly in the eyes of the international community.

3. Limited Objectives and Proportionality:

The limited objectives principle holds that the goals of war should be specific and well-defined, with the ultimate aim of establishing a fair and lasting peace. Proportionality dictates that the amount of force used should be appropriate to the objective, ensuring that excessive or indiscriminate force is avoided, especially when it could harm non-combatants.

Application to the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

The Israel-Hamas conflict presents a complicated situation that requires careful consideration of various principles. Israel aims to protect its people and territory and often responds to threats like rocket launches and tunnel infrastructures by undertaking military operations. However, these actions, such as air strikes and ground incursions, have faced scrutiny and debate regarding their proportionality, especially when they cause civilian casualties in densely populated areas of Gaza. The challenge lies in finding a balance between achieving military objectives and minimizing harm to civilians.

On the other hand, Hamas launches rockets towards Israeli towns and cities, with clear objectives in mind. However, these attacks indiscriminately target population centers and have raised questions concerning the proportionality of the means employed and the broader objectives pursued, particularly considering the potential for civilian harm in Israel. The actions and strategies of both sides highlight the challenges of applying and agreeing upon the principles of limited objectives and proportionality in modern, asymmetric conflicts.

4. Right Intention:

The principle of "Right Intention" in Just War Theory emphasizes that the reasons for going to war must be morally justifiable, and not driven by ulterior or malicious motives. The ultimate goal must always be to re-establish a state of just peace, which ensures that military actions are not used as tools for settling scores, expanding territories, or any other purposes that deviate from achieving a just and lasting peace. 

Application to the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas is a long-standing issue that has been characterized by intense violence and deep-seated animosity. The situation is complicated by the fact that both sides claim to have the best intentions, which can make it difficult to assess the sincerity of their actions. 

However, when we look at the methods that both parties have used to achieve their goals, as well as the outcomes that have resulted from their actions, it becomes clear that there are serious questions to be asked about the true motivations of each side. This is where impartial analysis becomes crucial, as it provides an objective perspective on the situation and helps to ensure that conflict resolution efforts are transparent and effective. 

Ultimately, it is only through the careful examination of all parties' intentions, as well as the outcomes of their actions, that we can hope to achieve a lasting and equitable resolution to this complex and deeply entrenched conflict.

5. Reasonable Chance of Success 

According to the principles of Just War Theory, a military engagement must have a reasonable chance of success, meaning that it should have a realistic prospect of achieving its objectives. This principle ensures that lives are not wasted in hopeless endeavors and wars aren't started without clear strategic foresight or merely for symbolism. The idea is based on the belief that military action should be purposeful and strategic, with the potential for actual improvement in the situation compared to inaction.

Application to the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

The Israel-Hamas conflict is complex, with different dynamics of power and success. Israel has advanced military capabilities and usually achieves immediate tactical objectives when it commences operations by targeting specific threats or launching broader operations. Its military superiority allows it to achieve these tactical successes with precision.

On the other hand, Hamas operates from a different strategic framework. Although it is outmatched by the Israeli Defense Forces, it employs methods of asymmetric warfare such as guerrilla-style operations and rocket attacks to achieve strategic victories. The group's actions are often intended to rally support, make political statements, or influence international opinion. While it cannot achieve a conventional military triumph over Israel, its definition of "success" is not necessarily territorial gain or military dominance but could be in terms of political or symbolic victories.

In essence, both entities approach the conflict with distinct metrics of success and leverage their strengths accordingly. This highlights the various interpretations of the "Reasonable Chance of Success" principle in real-world scenarios.

6. Last Resort:

The principle of "Last Resort" in the Just War Theory states that military action should only be taken when all other peaceful options for resolution have been tried and found ineffective. This means that war or military interventions should not be the first choice, but rather the final option when diplomatic and other non-violent methods fail. The objective is to ensure that conflicts are not escalated without proper justification and to emphasize the significance of peaceful resolutions.

Application to the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the world's longest-running and most complex conflicts. It is a multifaceted issue that has been ongoing for decades, and it is rooted in a complex web of historical, political, and territorial disputes. The conflict is primarily between Israel and Hamas, the Islamist political organization that governs the Gaza Strip. 

Israel's military actions are often portrayed as necessary responses to immediate threats. Its government and military argue that they are acting in self-defense against Hamas, which has launched thousands of rockets into Israel and carried out suicide bombings and other attacks. Israel also argues that it has a right to defend its citizens and to maintain its security in a volatile region.

On the other hand, Hamas views its actions as part of a broader struggle for Palestinian rights. Hamas argues that it is fighting against Israeli occupation and oppression and that its attacks are a response to Israel's military actions and blockade of Gaza. Hamas also argues that it is defending the rights of Palestinians, who have been displaced and oppressed by Israel for decades.

The conflict has led to the loss of thousands of lives, both Israeli and Palestinian, and has caused immense suffering on both sides. Despite numerous attempts at peace negotiations over the years, a lasting solution to the conflict has yet to be found.

Conclusion:

The conflict between Israel and Palestine is a complex and enduring dispute that has deep historical, cultural, and political roots. It has far-reaching implications that go beyond the immediate region, affecting international relations, policies, and public opinion.

Using Just War theory as a tool to evaluate the ethical underpinnings of the actions taken in this conflict provides a structured approach. By examining the October 7, 2023 attack and Israel's response, this theory sheds light on the motivations, objectives, and outcomes of the engagement. However, it is challenging to make definitive judgments as the lines between justice, morality, and strategy are often blurred.

Instead of focusing on theoretical considerations, the priority for all parties involved and the international community should be to establish a sustainable path toward peace. Military actions may provide temporary solutions or deterrence, but they are not long-term remedies. A genuine and lasting resolution can only arise from mutual respect, sustained dialogue, and a commitment to understanding and addressing the core grievances of both sides.

The ongoing cycles of violence are a clear indication of the costs of inaction and the need to move beyond entrenched positions. For the sake of future generations, it is crucial to redouble efforts in fostering an environment of trust, collaboration, and mutual coexistence. Only then can the wounds of the past begin to heal, and a peaceful future be envisioned for Israelis and Palestinians.

References

Anscombe, Elizabeth. “War and Murder,” from Richard A. Wasserstrom (ed.), War and Morality, Wadsworth (1970).

Black, I. (2017). Enemies and Neighbors: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017. Atlantic Monthly Press.

Bregman, A. (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. Routledge.

Franceschet, A. “Brian Orend, "War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective Philosophy in Review, Vol. 21, no. 3, June 2001, pp. 164-7.

Gelvin, J. L. (2014). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press.

Gunning, J. (2008). Hamas in politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence. Columbia University Press.

Harel, A., & Issacharoff, A. (2004). 34 Days: Israel, Hezbollah, and the War in Lebanon. Palgrave Macmillan.

Hroub, K. (2006). Hamas: A Beginner's Guide. Pluto Press.

Mishal, S., & Sela, A. (2006). The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence. N.Y. Columbia University Press.

Ovendale, R. (2004). The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars (4th ed.). Pearson.

Paskins, B., & Dockrill, M. (1979). The Ethics of War. Duckworth: London.

Richard Norman (1995). Ethics, Killing and War New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. 

Roy, S. (2007). Failing Peace: Gaza and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Pluto Press.

Tessler, M. (2009). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press.

Thomas Nagel “War and Massacre” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (2): 123-144. 1972.

Walzer, M. (1992) Just and Unjust Wars: a Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. (New York): Basic Books

Walzer, M. (2015). Just and Unjust Wars (5th ed.). Basic Books.

Isang Maikling Primer Hinggil sa Digmaang Israel-Hamas

Introduksyon

Ang digmaan ng Israel at Hamas ay isang kumplikado at malalim na labanan sa pagitan ng estadong Hudyo na Israel at Hamas, isang organisasyong pulitikal at militar na Palestino. Ang digmaan ay nagdudulot ng malawakang pagdurusa at paghihirap, sa magkabilang panig, dahilan kung bakit dapat nating malaman ang kasaysayan at patuloy na dinamikla nito. Ang primer na ito ay naglalayong magbigay ng isang maikling paliwanag ng mga pinagmulan, pangunahing kaganapan, at nangungunang mga isyu tungkol sa digmaang ito.  

1. Kasaysayan

Ang tunggaliang Israel-Hamas ay matatagpuan sa mas malawak na konteksto ng tunggaliang Israel-Palestine na lumitaw sa simula ng ika-20 siglo. Ito ay kulminasyon sa paglikha ng estado ng Israel noong 1948. Ang mga pangunahing isyu ng tunggalian ay ang mga alitan tungkol sa teritoryo, ang kalagayan ng Jerusalem, ang kahihinatnan ng estado ng Palestine at mga karapatan ng mga refugee.

2. Ang Paglitaw ng Hamas

Sa paglipas ng panahon, iba't-ibang Palestinong paksyon ang lumitaw, na nagtataguyod ng iba’t ibang diskarte sa pakikibaka para sa Palestinong karapatan at interes. Ang Hamas, isang akronimo para sa “Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya” (Islamic Resistance Movement), ay lumitaw sa dakong huli ng 1980s. Ang Hamas ay nagsimula bilang bahagi ng “Muslim Brotherhood”, na lumalaban at tumututol sa Israel sa parehong pampulitikal at militar na paraan.

3. Mga Pangunahing Isyu at Mitsa ng Digmaan

Ang tunggalian ay dumaraan sa mga panahon ng relatibong kapayapaan na ginagambala ng mga pagdami ng karahasan na madalas ay sanhi ng mga isyu o suliranin ng mga Palestino. Kabilang sa mga ito ang kalagayan ng Jerusalem, pag-access sa mga banal na lugar, pagtatayo ng mga Israel settlement, mga pambubuska at pambubuyo sa mga relihiyosong lugar, mga sukat at linya sa hangganan, at ang pagpapalipad ng mga rocket sa Israel ng Hamas. Itinuturing ng Israel at ng US na teroristang organisasyon ang Hamas.

4. Ang Tugon ng Israel 

Itinuturing ng Israel ang Hamas bilang isang panganib sa kaniyang seguridad dahil sa hindi nito pagkilala sa karapatan ng Israel na maging bansa, ang mga militar na operasyon nito laban sa mga sibilyang Israeli, at ang kanyang malawak na impluwensiya sa Gaza Strip. Bilang tugon, nagsagawa na ang Israel ng mga serye ng operasyong militar na naglalayong matibag ang kakayahan, lakas, at impluwensiya ng Hamas.

5. Ang Blockade ng Israel at Egypt sa Mediterranean Sea at sa Kalupaan ng Gaza 

Ang Gaza Strip, isang maliit na baybaying enclave na kontrolado ng Hamas, ay sentral na lugar ng labanan. Ang populasyon nito ay dumaranas ng matinding sosyo-ekonomikong mga paghihirap na sanhi ng blockade ng Israel at Egypt sa Mediterranean Sea at sa kalupaan ng Gaza na pumipigil sa galaw ng mga kalakal, mga tao, at mga materyales sa pagtatayo,  na humantong sa mataas na kawalan ng trabaho, kahirapan, at access sa mga pangunahing mga serbisyo.

6. Ang Papel ng mga Rockets at Tunnel

Ang paggamit ng Hamas ng mga rocket at mga tunnel na pampuslit at pag-atake sa teritoryong Israel ay maiinit na usapin. Mula sa perspektibo ng Israel, ang mga aksyon na ito ay direktang banta sa seguridad at soberanya nito, kung kaya’t nagsasagawa ito ng mga operasyong militar upang ma-neutralize ang mga kakayahang ito.

7. Mga Resultang Humanitarian

Ang digmaang Israel-Hamas ay kasalukuyang nagdudulot ng maraming kamatayan sa dalawang panig, lalo na ng mga sibilyan. Ang mataong Gaza Strip ay ulit-ulitan nang namatayan nang libo-libo at nasiraan ng infrastructure sanhi ng mga operasyong militar. Ganito rin ang nangyari sa mga humigit-kumulang 1,300 at 3,300 na Israeli na pinatay at sinugatan ng Hamas nang sila ay tumawid ng border kamakailan lang. Ang mga pagpatay at pagsugat na ito ay umani na ng pagkondenang internasyonal.   

8. Ang Mas Malawak na Dinamikong Rehiyonal ng Middle East

Ang tunggaliang Israel-Hamas ay nakapaloob sa mas malawak at masalimuot na sitwasyong geopulitikal sa Middle East. Ang iba pang mga kalahok sa geopulitikang ito, tulad ng Egipto, ang Palestinian Authority, at ilang mga internasyonal na mga tagapamagitan, ay naghahanap ng paraan para magkaroon ng tigil-putukan, magkaroon ng negosasyon, at masuportahan  ang mga pagtulong na humanitarian.

Konklusyon:

Upang maunawaan ang tunggaliang Israel-Hamas, nangangailangan ng isang malalim na pag-unawa ng kanyang kontekstong pangkasaysayan, mga pangunahin at maseselang “trigger points”, at mga ugat na isyu.

Ang tunggaliang ito ay may malalim na pinagmulan at nakaugnay sa mas malawak at mas matagal na tunggaliang Israel-Palestine. Ang paghahanap ng isang epektibo at pangmatagalang solusyon ay nangangailangan ng mga epektibong solusyon sa mga hinaing at pangangailangan ng magkabilang panig. Sabihin pa ba, hindi madaling solusyonan ang problemang ito. Kaya nga tumagal ang suliraning ito.

Sabay nito, dapat palakasin ang dialogo, de-escalation ng karahasan, at paggalang sa mga karapatang pantao ng magkabilang panig, isa nanamang mahirap na hamon. Ang pagkakamit ng matibay na kapayapaan ay nananatiling isang mahirap na layunin, na nangangailangan ng makabuluhan at matinding pagsisikap at pagkilos mula sa internasyonal na komunidad, na kailangan upang makamit ang isang komprehensibong solusyon.

UPDEPPO, Higher Education, and Regional Growth in Central Luzon

Introduction

Higher education institutions play a crucial role in shaping regions' and nations' intellectual, social, and economic landscapes. In the Philippines, the University of the Philippines (UP) has long been recognized as a premier institution committed to academic excellence and nation-building. 

With the establishment of the UP Diliman Extension Programs in Pampanga and Olongapo (UPDEPPO) at Clark Freeport and Subic Bay Freeport respectively, the region has gained a valuable asset that is contributing significantly to the advancement of higher education in the area. 

In this essay, we explore the role of the UPDEPPO in Central Luzon, highlighting its impact on education, research, community development, and regional growth.

Why UP Has to Establish a Strong Presence in Central Luzon

There are three reasons why UP has to develop a presence in Central Luzon:

    1. To make higher education more accessible to citizens of Central Luzon. With nearly 12 million inhabitants, Central Luzon is the Philippines' third most populated area. However, with just a few public institutions and colleges in the area, many Central Luzon people must go to Metro Manila or other regions of the nation to attend college. A UP presence in Central Luzon will provide access to higher education for Central Luzon inhabitants, particularly those from low-income households.

    2. To aid in the economic growth of the area. Central Luzon is a significant agricultural and industrial area. Several rising communities, such Clark Freeport Zone in Angeles City, and Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Olongapo City, are located in the area. A UP presence in Central Luzon could aid in the region's economic growth by producing a highly qualified workforce and undertaking research that answers the region's requirements.

    3. To encourage regional equality in higher education. Currently, UPDEPPO is the only actively functioning UP component institution situated in Luzon outside of Metro Manila. Having a UP presence in Central Luzon serves to foster regional equality and guarantee that Central Luzon youth have access to excellent higher education. It will also help in lessening the region's excessive reliance on Metro Manila for higher education.

Particular Instances How a Strong UP Presence in Central Luzon Benefits the Region:

    1. UP can create a research center on agriculture and food security, which could serve to enhance the region's agricultural sector's production and sustainability.

    2. UP can develop engineering and technology programs to assist in teaching the skilled labor force required to serve the region's expanding industrial sector.

    3. UP can establish a school of medicine and public health, which would benefit the region's citizens' specific health needs

    4. UP can provide programs in education, law, and other subjects important to the region's specific requirements.

Historical Background: 

UP Diliman Extension Program in Pampanga (UPDEPP), was established in 1979 as the UP Extension Program in San Fernando (UPEPSF). UPEPSF was created upon the initiative of Pampanga Governors Estelito Mendoza and Juanita Nepomuceno, to cater to the educational needs of the Central Luzon region and provide access to quality higher education. 

After Mt. Pinatubo’s unremitting lahar flows rendered UPEPSF's original building useless, UPEPSF moved to the Clark Freeport Zone (CFZ) in 1996 and was renamed UPDEPP. 

In 2007, UPDEPP was awarded a permanent site by the Clark Development Corporation. The site consisted of a 3.28-hectare lot within the Clark Freeport Zone (CFZ) which UPDEPP had envisioned to transform into a bustling university town. 

On the other hand, the UP Diliman Extension Program in Olongapo (UPDEPO) was launched in response to the request of the Olongapo City Government for UP higher education to be accessible to the provinces of Bataan and Zambales. The unit began to operate in the 1st semester, AY 1984-1985. On July 30, 1985, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between UP and Olongapo City was signed, formally establishing UPDEPO. 

UPDEPO first found its home at the Olongapo City National High School, where it held classes on weekends. It proudly moved to a building inside the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ) in 2000 by virtue of another MOA, this time between UP uand the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA). 

The MOA also put UPDEPO under the academic and administrative authority of UPDEPP. This arrangement gave birth to the abovementioned title “UP Diliman Extension Programs in Pampanga and Olongapo” or UPDEPPO. 

Academic Excellence and Quality Education

UPDEPPO upholds the same standards of academic excellence that UP Diliman is renowned for. By offering Master of Management, Bachelor of Arts in Applied Psychology, Bachelor of Arts in Business Economics, and, Bachelor of Science in Business Management, UPDEPPO provides students in Central Luzon with access to quality education. The UPDEPPO faculty members are highly qualified and respected in their respective fields, ensuring that students receive a rigorous and relevant education. 

Research and Innovation

A vital aspect of UPDEPPO's role in higher education is its commitment to research and innovation. The university promotes a culture of research and scholarly inquiry among its faculty and students. By conducting research, UPDEPPO contributes to knowledge creation and addresses the region's pressing social, economic, and environmental challenges. Moreover, UPDEPPO 's research initiatives could serve as a catalyst for innovation, fostering collaboration with industries and government agencies to develop practical solutions for societal issues. 

Community Development and Public Service

UPDEPPO is deeply committed to community development and public service. Through its community engagement initiatives, it actively collaborates with local communities, government units, and non-governmental organizations to address pressing social issues. 

UPDEPPO 's faculty and students participate in outreach activities, providing expertise, resources, and assistance to marginalized communities, in particular, the Ayta communities. These efforts not only benefit the communities but also imbue students with a sense of social responsibility and a deeper understanding of the region's development challenges. 

Regional Economic Growth

The presence of a prestigious institution like UPDEPPO can have a positive impact on the regional economy. The university attracts students from across Central Luzon and beyond, and can stimulate economic activity in the area. Local businesses, including housing, food, and transportation services, can benefit from the increased demand generated by the university community. Furthermore, UPDEPPO 's research and development collaborations with industries can promote technology transfer, innovation, and entrepreneurship, contributing to regional economic growth and job creation. 

Collaboration and Partnerships

UPDEPPO actively seeks collaborations and partnerships with local and international institutions, fostering academic exchanges, joint research projects, and student mobility programs. These collaborations enhance the quality of education and research at UPDEPPO, exposing students and faculty to diverse perspectives and global best practices. Moreover, partnerships with local industries and government agencies facilitate internships, on-the-job training, and employment opportunities for UPDEPPO graduates, strengthening the link between academia and the local workforce. 

Cultural Preservation and Promotion

UPDEPPO recognizes the importance of preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of Central Luzon. The university actively engages in cultural research, documentation, and preservation efforts, ensuring that traditional practices, arts, and languages are safeguarded for future generations. UPDEPPO also plans to organize cultural events, exhibitions, and performances, showcasing the region's cultural diversity and fostering a sense of pride among the local community. 

Capacity Building and Human Resource Development

One of the significant contributions of UPDEPPO to Central Luzon is its role in capacity building and human resource development. Through its academic programs, research initiatives, and training workshops, UPDEPPO equips students with the knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for professional success. UPDEPPO produces graduates who are not only academically proficient but also socially responsible and mentally equipped to address the region's challenges. This human capital development is crucial in driving regional progress and sustainable development. 

Student Engagement and Leadership Development

UPDEPPO places a strong emphasis on student engagement and leadership development. It provides a vibrant campus environment that encourages student organizations, clubs, and societies. These extracurricular activities promote teamwork, organizational skills, and leadership qualities among its students. UPDEPPO also offers various leadership programs and training opportunities, nurturing the next generation of leaders who will contribute to the region's development and progress. 

Conclusion

The establishment of UPDEPPO is having a transformative impact on higher education in Central Luzon. Through its commitment to academic excellence, research, community development, and regional partnerships, UPDEPPO is playing a vital role in advancing education, fostering innovation, and promoting social progress in this vital region.

UPDEPPO’s contributions extend beyond the classroom, reaching the wider community and contributing to the region's economic growth and cultural preservation. As UPDEPPO continues to evolve and expand, its role in higher education in Central Luzon will remain crucial in shaping the future of the region.